Slovakia

Up to great-grandparent (3rd generation) as of 2022 amendment. Ancestor must have been born in present-day Slovak Republic territory AND been a recognized Czechoslovak citizen. No ethnic requirement for the descent route. No language test. No residency. Dual citizenship permitted since 2022.

• –"Present-day Slovak Republic territory" is the key test — not historic Slovak ethnicity or historic borders. An ancestor of any ethnicity (Slovak, Hungarian, Jewish, German, Rusyn) qualifies if they were born in present-day Slovakia.
• –2022 amendment is significant: Before April 2022, only parents and grandparents were covered, and dual citizenship was restricted. The 2022 reform both extended generations AND lifted dual citizenship restrictions for descent applicants.
• –Separate from Czech: After the 1993 Velvet Divorce, Slovak and Czech citizenships became separate. Czech-born ancestors go through Czech processes.
• –"Slovak Living Abroad" is a DIFFERENT route: There is a separate "Slovák žijúci v zahraničí" (Slovak living abroad) certificate route that does require ethnic Slovak identity — but this is NOT the same as the citizenship-by-descent route. Don't confuse them.
• –Administrative residence: For overseas applicants, Slovak authorities create an "administrative residence" so the process can be completed entirely via consulate without the applicant moving to Slovakia.